Zane-zane na Layin Samar da Kayan Ajiye tare da Hanyoyi na yau da kullun

An sabunta ta ƙarshe: 2024-02-01 By Charles9 Min karanta

Tsarin Layin Samar da Kayan Furniture

Zane-zane na layin samar da kayan daki tare da hanyoyin gwaji na yau da kullun aikace-aikace na hanyoyi daban-daban na heuristic zuwa matsala shimfidar kayan aiki na gaske a kamfanin kera kayan daki.

ABDRACT

Wannan takarda tana gwada aikace-aikacen hanyoyi daban-daban na heuristic zuwa ainihin matsala shimfidar wuri a kamfanin kera kayan daki. Ana kwatanta duk samfuran ta amfani da AHP, inda ake amfani da adadin sigogi na sha'awa. Gwajin ya nuna cewa hanyoyin ƙirar shimfidar wuri na yau da kullun za a iya amfani da su yadda ya kamata a yi amfani da ainihin matsalolin da ake fuskanta a masana'antu, wanda ke haifar da ci gaba mai mahimmanci.

1. GABATARWA

Masana'antar furniture tana fuskantar wani zamani mai fa'ida kamar sauran mutane, don haka suna ƙoƙari don nemo hanyoyin rage farashin masana'anta, haɓaka inganci da sauransu. An yanke shawarar yin amfani da dabarun ƙirar shimfidar wuri da yawa don samar da mafi kyawun shimfidar wuri bisa hanyoyin da ba a cika amfani da su a aikace ba. Dabarun ƙirar ƙira da aka yi amfani da su sune Ka'idar Graph, Tsarin Bloc, CRAFT, Mafi kyawun Jeri da Algorithm na Halitta. An kimanta waɗannan shimfidu tare da kwatanta su ta amfani da ma'auni 3 wato Jimillar Yanki, Flow * Dist da Kashi na Adjacency. Jimlar yanki yana nufin yankin da layin samarwa ya mamaye don kowane samfurin da aka haɓaka. Flow * Dist yana ƙididdige jimlar samfuran kwarara da nisa tsakanin kowane wurare 2. Adjacency Percentage yana ƙididdige adadin abubuwan da suka dace da buƙatun kasancewa kusa da su.

Zaɓin mafi kyawun shimfidar wuri kuma an yi amfani da shi bisa ƙa'idama'auni masu yawaHanyar yanke shawara AHP (Satty, 1980) ta amfani da software na Zaɓin Kwararru. An kwatanta mafi kyawun shimfidar wuri tare da shimfidar da ake da su don nuna ci gaban da aka samu ta hanyoyin da aka tsara don tsara shimfidar wuri.

Ma'anar matsalar shimfidar tsire-tsire ita ce nemo mafi kyawun tsari na kayan aikin jiki don samar da aiki mai inganci (Hassan da Hogg, 1991). Tsarin tsari yana rinjayar farashin sarrafa kayan, lokacin jagora da kayan aiki. Don haka yana rinjayar yawan aiki da inganci na shuka. Dangane da Tompkins and White (1984) ƙirar kayan aiki ya kasance a cikin tarihin da aka yi rikodin kuma haƙiƙa an siffanta kayan aikin gari waɗanda aka tsara kuma an gina su a cikin tsohuwar.

* Mawallafi mai dacewa

tarihin Girka da Roman Empire. Daga cikin 1st da suka yi nazarin wannan matsala akwai Armor da Buffa et al. (1964). Kaxan da alama an buga shi a cikin shekarun 1950. Francis and White (1974) su ne na 1 da suka tattara da sabunta binciken farko akan wannan yanki. An sabunta bincike daga baya ta hanyar nazarin 2 na 1st ta Domschke da Drexl (1985) da sauran ta Francis et al. (1992). Hassan and Hogg (1991) sun ba da rahoton wani bincike mai zurfi kan nau'in bayanan da ake buƙata a cikin matsalar shimfidar na'ura. Ana la'akari da bayanan shimfidar injin a cikin matsayi; dangane da cikakken yadda aka tsara shimfidar wuri. Lokacin da shimfidar wuri da ake buƙata shine kawai don nemo tsarin dangi na injuna, bayanan da ke wakiltar lambar inji da alaƙar kwararar su sun isa. Koyaya, idan ana buƙatar shimfidawa daki-daki, ana buƙatar ƙarin bayanai. A cikin neman bayanai wasu matsaloli na iya tasowa musamman a sabbin wuraren kera inda bayanai ba su wanzu ba. Lokacin da aka haɓaka shimfidar wuri don kayan aiki na zamani da na atomatik, ba za a iya samun bayanan da ake buƙata daga bayanan tarihi ko daga wurare makamantan su ba tunda ƙila babu su. An ba da shawarar yin ƙirar lissafi a matsayin hanya don samun ingantacciyar hanyar warware matsalar shimfidar kayan aiki. Tun da tsarin lissafi na 1st wanda Koopmans and Beckmann (1957) suka ƙera a matsayin matsalar ɗawainiyar ɗabi'a, sha'awar yankin ya jawo girma mai yawa. Wannan ya buɗe wani sabon fanni mai ban sha'awa ga mai binciken. A cikin neman mafita ga matsalar shimfidar kayan aiki, masu bincike sun ƙaddamar da kansu don haɓaka ƙirar lissafi. Houshyar and White (1993) sun kalli matsalar shimfidawa a matsayinlamba-programmingsamfurin yayin da Rosenblatt (1986) ya tsara matsalar shimfidawa a matsayin ƙirar shirye-shirye mai ƙarfi. Palekar et al. (1992) magance rashin tabbas kuma Shang (1993) yana amfani da ama'auni masu yawakusanci. A gefe guda kuma, Leung (1992) ya gabatar da tsarin ka'idar jadawali.

Green daAl-Hakim(1985) ya yi amfani da GA don nemo ɓangaren iyali da kuma shimfidawa tsakanin sel. A cikin tsarin nasa, ya iyakance tsarin tantanin halitta a matsayin ko dai jeri ɗaya na layi ko kuma jeri biyu na mizani. Algorithm ɗin da aka haɓaka ya fi zuwa ga shimfidar tsarin sel, ko shimfidar bene na samarwa, maimakon tsarin tantanin halitta, ko tsarin injin. Ba a yi la'akari da ainihin tsarin injuna a cikin sel ba. Banerjee and Zhou (1995) sun tsara matsalar inganta kayan aiki don amadauki guda ɗayalayout ta amfani da algorithms na kwayoyin halitta. Algorithm ɗin da aka haɓaka don shimfidar tsarin tantanin halitta don haka baya la'akari da shimfidar injuna a cikin tantanin halitta. Fu and Kaku (1997) sun gabatar da tsarin matsala na shimfidar tsire-tsire don tsarin masana'antar kantin aiki inda manufar ita ce rage matsakaita Aiki a Tsari. Sun ƙirƙira shukar azaman hanyar sadarwar layi ta buɗe ƙarƙashin tsarin zato. Matsalar tana raguwa zuwa Matsalolin Assignment (QAP). An yi amfani da kwaikwaiyo don rage matsakaita farashin Gudanar da Kayan aiki da rage Matsakaicin Aiki a Tsari.

2. HANYOYIN MISALI

Ana rarraba samfuran ya danganta da yanayin su, zato da manufofinsu. Tsarin Tsare-tsare Tsare-tsare na Farko na Farko, wanda Muthor (1) ya ƙera, har yanzu wani tsari ne mai fa'ida musamman idan wasu hanyoyin sun goyi bayansa kuma ta taimaka ta hanyar kwamfuta. Hanyoyi na gine-gine, Hassan and Hogg (1955) alal misali, gina shimfidar wuri daga karce yayin da Hanyoyin Ingantawa, Bozer, Meller and Erlebacher (1991) alal misali, ƙoƙarin gyara shimfidar da ke akwai don kyakkyawan sakamako. Hanyoyin ingantawa da kuma ilimin lissafi don tsarawa ta Heragu (1994) ne ya rubuta shi.De-Alvarengada Gomes (2000) sun tattauna ameta-heuristickusanci a matsayin hanya don shawo kan yanayin NP- wuyar ƙira na mafi kyawun samfura.

Dabarun ƙirar ƙira da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan aikin sune Ka'idar Graph, CRAFT, Mafi kyawun Jeri, BLOCPLAN da Algorithm Genetic. Bayanin ƙasa akwai sigogi waɗanda kowane algorithm ke buƙata don yin samfuri iri ɗaya.

Ka'idar zane

Ka'idar zane (Foulds da Robinson, 1976; Giffin et al., 1984; Kim da Kim, 1985; da Leung, 1992)baki – nauyimaximal jadawali na tsari wanda a cikinsa nisa (V) ke wakiltar wuraren aiki kuma gefuna (E) suna wakiltar maƙallan kuma Kn yana nuna cikakken jadawali na n Vertices. Idan aka ba da jadawali mai nauyi G, matsalar tsarar kayan aiki shine nemo matsakaicin ma'aunin nauyikaramin hotoG' na G wato planar.

Wannan takarda tana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban guda 2 don yin kwatancen binciken harka. Hanya ta 1 ita ceDelta-HedronHanyar da Folds and Robinson (1976). Hanyar ta ƙunshi sauƙi mai sauƙi tare da K4 na farko, sannan kuma ana shigar da ƙwanƙwasa ɗaya bayan ɗaya bisa ga ma'aunin fa'ida. Hanya ta 2 da aka yi amfani da ita ita ce haɓakar dabarar algorithm (Green daAl-Hakim,1985). Anan farkon K4 ana samunsa ta zaɓin gefen da yake da mafi girman w8 sannan a yi amfani da shigar 2 mai jujjuyawa bisa ga ka'idojin fa'ida. Algorithm din ya ci gaba tare da tsarin shigarwa, wanda ake kira hanyar fadada dabaran. An ayyana dabaran kan tituna azaman zagayowar ranar(n-1)vertices (wanda ake kira rim), wanda kowannen juzu'in yana kusa da ƙarin juzu'i ɗaya (mai suna cibiya). Bari W ya zama dabaran mai cibiya x. Zaɓi madaidaitan 2 k da l, waɗanda sune bakin wannan zagayowar. Daga nan sai a saka madaidaicin saitin madaidaitan da ba a yi amfani da su ba zuwa wannan dabaran a cikin ɓangaren na yanzukaramin hotoirin wannan y cibiya ce ta sabuwar dabaran W mai dauke da k, l da x a matsayin bakinta, kuma duk bakin da ke cikin W a yanzu suna dab da vertex x ko vertex y. Ta hanyar shigar da kowane juzu'in da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a jere a cikin salon da ke sama, ana samun ƙaramin jadawali na ƙarshe na ƙarshe.

Yin amfani da CRAFT

CRAFT (Computerized Relative Allocation of Facilities Technique) yana amfani da musayar hikimar biyu don haɓaka shimfidawa (Buffa et al., 1964; Hicks da Lowan, 1976). CRAFT baya bincika duk yiwuwar musayar hikimar biyu kafin samar da ingantacciyar shimfidar wuri. Bayanan shigarwa sun haɗa da girman ginin da kayan aiki, kwararar kaya ko mitar tafiye-tafiye tsakanin nau'ikan kayan aiki da farashin kowace naúra ta kowace nisa. Samfurin kwarara (f) da nisa (d) yana ba da farashin kayan motsi tsakanin wurare 2. Ana ƙididdige raguwar farashin bisa la'akari da gudummawar kuɗi na farko da bayan musayar kayan aiki.

Mafi kyawun Jeri

Hanyar mafita tana farawa da tsari na tsari na sabani kuma yana ƙoƙarin inganta shi ta hanyar canza sassan 2 a cikin jerin (Heragu, 1997). A kowane mataki, hanyar tana ƙididdige kwarara * canje-canje na nisa don duk yuwuwar sauyawa na sassan 2 kuma ta zaɓi mafi inganci guda biyu. An canza sassan 2 kuma hanyar ta maimaita. Tsarin yana tsayawa lokacin da babu canji ya haifar da raguwar farashi. Abubuwan shigar da ake buƙata don samar da shimfidar wuri ta amfani da Mafi kyawun jeri sune mafi girman girman ginin da kayan aiki, kwararar kayan ko mitar tafiye-tafiye tsakanin nau'ikan kayan aiki da farashin kowace naúrar kowace nisan raka'a.

Amfani da BLOCPLAN

BLOCPLAN shiri ne na mu'amala da ake amfani da shi don haɓakawa da haɓaka shimfidar gidaje guda ɗaya da manyan kantuna (Green da Al-Hakim,1985). Shiri ne mai sauƙi wanda ke haifar da shimfidu masu kyau na farko saboda sassauƙar sa dangane da zaɓuɓɓukan da aka haɗa da yawa. Yana amfani da bayanan ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga zuwa ga

haifar da da yawa toshe shimfidu da ma'auni na dacewa. Mai amfani zai iya zaɓar mafita na dangi dangane da yanayi.

Algorithm na Halitta

Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na tsara wurare Matsalolin shimfidar wuri ta hanyar algorithms (GA) .Banerjee, Zhou, and Montreuil(1997) sun yi amfani da GA ga tsarin tantanin halitta. Mawallafa da yawa sun yi amfani da hanyar daga baya ciki har da Tam and Chan (1) waɗanda suka yi amfani da ita don magance matsalar shimfidar wuri mara daidaituwa tare da ƙuntatawa na geometric. Shayan and Chittilappilli (1982) ne suka kirkiro GA algorithm da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan aikin bisa ga slicing itacen Tsarin (STC). Yana ƙididdige shimfidar ɗan takarar da aka ƙera itace zuwa wani tsari na musamman na chromosomes mai girma biyu wanda ke nuna alaƙar wurin kowane wurin a cikin bishiyar yanka. Akwai tsare-tsare na musamman don sarrafa chromosome a ayyukan GA (Tam da Li, 1995). An kuma gabatar da sabon aikin "cloning" a cikin Shayan daAl-Hakim(1999). Maganin da aka zaɓa ta hanyar GA sannan an canza shi zuwa shimfidar yanki. Yana farawa da shingen farko guda ɗaya wanda ya ƙunshi duk kayan aiki. Yayin da shimfidar shimfidar wuri ke ci gaba, ana yin sabbin sassa kuma ana sanya wuraren aiki tsakanin sabbin tubalan, har sai an sami wurin guda ɗaya a cikin kowane shinge. A halin yanzu ana ƙididdige haɗin kai na kowane wurin aiki. Ana amfani da nisa na madaidaiciya tsakanin centroids na wurare don kimanta dacewa da chromosome daban-daban. Lokacin da GA ya ƙare, tsarin zane yana ɗauka don buga shimfidar wuri ta amfani da kimar da aka adana na haɗin gwiwar. Haƙiƙan aikin yana da lokacin hukunci don gujewa kunkuntar yanka.

3. GWAJI TA HANYAR KARATU

Don gwada aikin hanyoyin da aka bayyana a baya, duk an yi amfani da su zuwa yanayin yanayin gaske a cikin masana'antar kayan aiki. Kamfanin ya kera nau'ikan kujeru 9 daban-daban, 2- kujera da3-Masu zamabi da bi. Samar da duk salon yana bin tsarin ayyuka iri ɗaya amma ya ƙunshi nau'ikan albarkatun ƙasa daban-daban. An samar da sassa 5 wato kujerun kujeru, Kushin baya, Kujerun hannu da Baya ana samar da su a ciki a cikin batches masu girma dabam, a wuraren warwatse (sashe). Motsawar sassa yana haifar da matsaloli kamar aikin da ake ci gaba, ɓarna ɓangarori, rashi, cunkoso da wuri mara kyau.

Kowane samfurin yana aiwatar da ayyuka 11 waɗanda ke farawa a Facility 1 - Yanke Yanke kuma ya ƙare a Facility 11- Bolt up Area. Ana iya rarrabuwar kowace taro na ƙarshe zuwa gunduma mai suna iri ɗaya. Waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi sun hadu a Bolt-Yayi amfaniWurin yin taro na ƙarshe. Kowace ƙananan ƙungiyoyin suna fara ayyukansu da kansu kuma duk suna tafiya ta hanyar ƙayyadaddun tsarin aiki wanda aka nuna a cikin nau'i na ginshiƙi a cikin siffa 1. Ba a sanya kayan aiki na shimfidawa na yanzu ba bisa ga jerin ayyukan.

Saboda wannan babu wani tsari na kayan aiki, wanda ke haifar da aiki a ci gaba. Ana iya ƙayyade hulɗar tsakanin wurare ta amfani da ma'auni da ma'auni. Babban abin shigar da ake buƙata don ginshiƙi masu gudana shine buƙata, adadin kayan da aka samar da adadin kayan da ke gudana tsakanin kowace na'ura. Ana ƙididdige magudanar kayan ne bisa la'akari da yawan kwararar kayan da ke tafiya a cikin watanni 10 * Ma'auni na ma'auni wanda aka nuna a hoto na 2. Hoto na 3 yana nuna yanki na kowane sashen da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin binciken. Hoto na 4 yana nuna tsarin na yanzu na Nazarin Harka.

Hoto na 1 Taswirar taro don nazarin shari'ar

Hoto 2 Gudun kayan aiki don nazarin shari'ar.

Hoto 3 Lamba daidai da sashen

Hoto 4 Tsare-tsare na yanzu na kamfanin kayan daki da ma'aunin kowane sashe da aka yi amfani da su wajen yin samfurin binciken harka

4. APPLICIN HANYOYIN MISALI

Anan ana amfani da hanyoyin ƙirar ƙira iri-iri da aka tattauna a cikin sashe na 2 akan binciken shari'ar don samar da madadin shimfidar wuri don kwatantawa.

4.1 Amfani da Ka'idar Graph

Shafin 1 yana nuna kwatankwacin sakamakon ta amfani da hanyoyi 2 daban-daban na ka'idar Graph wato hanyar Founds da Robinsons da kuma hanyar Wheels da Rims. Tebur 1 yana nuna a sarari cewa Fayiloli da hanyar Robinsons shine mafi kyawun sakamakon 2. An bayyana sakamakon hanyar Folds da Robinsons dalla-dalla a cikin Figures5-7.

Tebur 1: Teburin da ke nuna kwatancen hanyoyin 2 daban-daban na ka'idar jadawali da aka yi amfani da su.

Hoto 5 Hoto na gaba na sakamakon binciken shari'ar ta amfani da hanyar Foulds da Robinson.

Hoto 6 Ingantattun shimfidawa bayan amfani da ka'idar jadawali (Hanyar Hannu da Robinsons)

1-Yanke,2- dinki, 3- Cika Calico, 4- Rufe sama, 5- Cika abin matashin matashin kai, 6- Yanke Kumfa, Yanke Kumfa, 7- Rukunin Fim, 8- Dankowa.9- bazaraSama,10- Tufafi,11- Tashin hankali.

Hoto na 7 Flow * Taswirar kimanta nisa don nazarin shari'ar ta amfani da ka'idar jadawali (Hanyar Fudu da Robinsons)

4.2 Amfani da CRAFT

An shigar da bayanan shigarwa don CRAFT kuma an ƙididdige farashin farko na shimfidar wuri na yanzu. Ana iya rage wannan farashi ta amfani da kwatancen hikimar biyu kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Figures 1.

Hoto 8 Farashin farko na shimfidar wuri na yanzu ta amfani da CRAFT

Hoto na 9 Musanyar mataki zuwa mataki ta CRAFT

Ana nuna sakamakon da CRAFT ya samu a cikin Tebura 2. Dangane da lissafin da ke sama za a iya zana sabon kuma ingantaccen tsari wanda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 10.

Table 2: Teburin da ke nuna sakamakon

Hoto 10 Ingantaccen shimfidar wuri wanda CRAFT ya samar

4.3 Mafi kyawun Tsarin Algorithm

Bayanan shigarwa iri ɗaya ne da na CRAFT sai dai yana bin wani nau'i daban-daban na kwatanta hikimar biyu. Tebur na 3 yana nuna sakamakon da aka zana daga ingantattun shimfidar wuri. Hoto na 11 yana nuna ingantaccen shimfidar wuri ta amfani da Mafi kyawun Jeri.

Tebur na 3 Teburin da ke nuna sakamakon ta amfani da CRAFT

Hoto 11 Ingantattun shimfidawa bayan amfani da mafi kyawun jeri

4.4 Amfani da BLOCPLAN

An canza ginshiƙin matrix na Flow zuwa ginshiƙi na REL kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto 12 tare da sigogi masu zuwa:

Hoto 12 REL Chart don nazarin shari'ar

Tebur na 4 yana nuna sakamakon ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban. Kamar yadda aka gani BLOCPLAN ta amfani da bincike mai sarrafa kansa ya nuna kyakkyawan sakamako fiye da amfani da Algorithm na Gine-gine.

Hoto 13 Ingantattun shimfidar wuri bincike mai sarrafa kansa

Tebur na 4 Matakan don shimfidar BLOCPLAN

4.5 Amfani da Algorithm na Halitta

Mafi kyawun bayani da aka samo ta hanyar algorithm an nuna shi a cikin Hoto 14. Wannan sai a canza shi zuwa shimfidar wuri a cikin Hoto 15 don kwatancen gama gari tare da sauran samfuran.

Hoto na 14 Tsarin tsari wanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar algorithm na kwayoyin halitta

Hoto 15 Canjin shimfidar wuri a hoto na 14

Tebur na 5 yana nuna sakamakon ta amfani da Algorithm na Halitta.

Tebur na 5 Teburin da ke nuna sakamakon ta amfani da algorithm na kwayoyin halitta

5. Kwatancen SAKAMAKO NA GWAJI NA AHP

Tebu na 6 yana taƙaita sakamakon da aka samu daga duk dabarun ƙirar ƙira tare da Layout na yanzu don kwatanta. Sashe na mafi kyawun shimfidar wuri za a yi bisa dalilai 3 wato Jimillar Yanki (Maxaukaka), Flow * Distance (Maximize) da Adjacency percentage (Maximize). Babban makasudin shine a rage WIP da tsara tsarin tafiyar kayan aiki. A sakamakon haka kwarara * matrix nesa shine mafi mahimmancin ma'auni.

Tebura 6 Takaitacciyar sakamako ta amfani da duk dabarun ƙira tare da sakamakon shimfidar wuri na yanzu

Tebu na 7 yana nuna mahaɗin madaidaicin madaidaicin shimfidu bisa dalilai daban-daban. Misali Layout 1 yana da matsayi mara kyau a Area da F*D yayin da ya fi kyau a Adjacency. Haɗin yana da wahala a zaɓi ɗaya akan sauran. Muna roƙon a yi amfani da fasaha na yau da kullun, AHP, wanda software na Zaɓin Kwararru ya aiwatar.

Tebura na 7 Matsayin hanyoyin daban-daban dangane da manufofin

AHP yana kwatanta mahimmancin dangi na kowane ɗayan yara dangane da iyaye. Da zarar an kammala kwatancen biyun, hanyar da za a bi za ta haɗa sakamakon ta amfani da wasu ƙididdiga na lissafi don tantance gabaɗayan matsayi. Hoto na 16 yana nuna ƙimar sakamakon da aka samu daga duk algorithms tare da mutunta makasudin mafi kyawun zaɓi.

Hoto na 16 Haɗin kai game da manufa

Ana samun mafi kyawun mafita ta BLOCPLAN (Binciken Automated) sannan kuma Ka'idar Graph ta amfani da Foolds da Hanyar Robinsons, sannan Genetic Algorithm. Sauran mafita sun fi muni. Yi la'akari da cewa saboda ƙimar abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwan da ke tattare da shi ba cikakkiyar alama ce ta mafi kyawun zaɓi ba, maimakon haka shawara ce mai amfani zai iya nishadantarwa don dacewa da buƙatu.

Muna ba da shawarar shimfidar wuri da aka samar ta amfani da BLOCPLAN ta amfani da Nema Mai sarrafa kansa don zama zaɓin mafita. Lokacin da aka yanke wannan shawarar an gudanar da bincike na hankali don tabbatar da cewa zaɓin ya yi ƙarfi. Idan lokaci ya ba da damar wannan ya kamata a yi don sauran hanyoyin kusa kafin a yi zaɓin.

6. KARSHE

Manufar a cikin wannan takarda ita ce a yi amfani da dabaru daban-daban na ƙirar ƙira don zaɓar mafi kyawun shimfidar wuri na kamfanin kayan daki. BLOCPLAN ne ya samar da mafi kyawun shimfidar wuri ta amfani da Nema Mai sarrafa kansa kamar yadda yake cikin Hoto 17.

Hoto 17 Mafi kyawun shimfidar wuri ta amfani da hanyoyin ƙirar ƙira

Tebur na 9 yana nuna ingantaccen tsarin da aka tsara akan shimfidar yanzu. Lura cewa shimfidar wuri yana nuna tubalan da wuraren danginsu. Ana buƙatar amfani da iyakoki na zahiri don dacewa da duk buƙatu. Sa'an nan kuma za a iya tsara ƙarin cikakkun bayanai na kowane shinge, idan ya cancanta ta hanyar.