Koyon yadda ake gina injin CNC daga karce yana da sauƙi fiye da yadda kuke tunani. Mun rushe tsarin DIY zuwa jerin matakai masu sauƙin bi don masu farawa. Daga siyan sassa zuwa shigar da software, jagoranmu na DIY zai bi ku ta yadda zaku kera injin CNC na ku cikin sauƙi.
Menene Injin CNC?
Na'ura ta CNC kayan aiki ne mai sarrafa kansa wanda ke amfani da tsarin kwamfuta don sarrafa motar don fitar da gatura 3 na X, Y da Z don motsawa gaba da gaba tare da hanyar kayan aikin da CAD/CAM software ke samarwa bisa ga umarnin G-code. A ƙarshe, kayan aikin da ke kan igiya yana kammala aikin sassaƙa, yanke, da kuma niƙa.
Abubuwan da za'ayi la'akari dasu
Idan ya zo ga injinan CNC, kowa zai yi tunanin tsadarsa da kuma hadaddun ayyukan shirye-shirye, wanda ke sa mu ji rashin fahimta game da shi. A gaskiya ma, mun sani kuma mun koyi CNC ta hanyar yin wasu sauƙi kuma ƙananan injin CNC, wanda ya ba mu damar haɓakawa daga mafari zuwa gwani a fasahar CNC na zamani. Wahalar DIY injin CNC ya ta'allaka ne a cikin tsadar kayan injin da wahalar injin, kuma saiti da amfani da software yana da sauƙi. Bayan wata daya na karatu da bincike na CNC, na yanke shawarar gina nawa na Mach3 sarrafa kayan injin CNC ta amfani da kayan da ake samu a gida.
Wahalar Gini: Matsakaici.
Tsawon Ginin: 16 Days.
Kayayyakin DIY: Bench vices, lantarki drills, hannu saws, samfurin naushi, famfo, reamers, calipers, benders, da sukurori.
Farawa
Wannan jagorar duka game da ƙirƙirar injin CNC mai aiki tare da fasali masu zuwa.
1. Tsarin gantry yana da kwanciyar hankali mai kyau, babban tsarin sarrafawa, ƙananan ƙirar tebur da lightw8, haske w8 da sauƙin ɗauka.
2. Ana iya amfani dashi don yanke da niƙa PCB, PVC, acrylic, MDF, itace, aluminum, da jan karfe.
3. Machining daidaito zai iya isa 0.1 mm, wanda zai iya saduwa da bukatun na mafi PCB allon, molds, tambura da alamu.
4. Kudinsa yana kasa $1,000, kuma taron ya dace da sauƙi.
5. Za a iya samun sassan da kayan da ake amfani da su ko kuma a saya a gida, wanda ke rage damuwa.
6. Tsarin DIY baya buƙatar kayan aiki masu rikitarwa.
7. Mach3 mai sarrafawa, mai sauƙin amfani.
8. Motar da ke tafiya tare da madaidaicin madaidaici ne ke tafiyar da igiya.
Yadda ake Gina Tsarin Injin CNC?
Wannan injin CNC yana ɗaukar ƙayyadaddun tsarin gantry. An raba duka injin ɗin zuwa tebur mai tushe, firam ɗin gantry, karusar X-axis, tebur Y-axis, da karusar Z-axis. Motar takun tuƙi na aikin tebur Y-axis an gyara shi akan farantin ƙasa. , dunƙule, da sanduna masu santsi 2 da gantry azaman jagorar zamewa tebur Y-axis.
A kan gantry, injin tuƙi na karusar X-axis, dunƙule gubar da sanduna 2 masu santsi da aka yi amfani da su azaman jagororin zamiya na karusar X-axis an gyara su. A kan karusar X-axis an gyara motar stepper mai tuki na jigilar Z-axis, dunƙule gubar da sanduna 2 masu santsi waɗanda aka yi amfani da su azaman jagororin zamiya na jigilar Z-axis.
Akwai madaidaicin madaidaicin L-siffa da zoben riƙewa masu siffa U don gyaran sandar a kan karusar Z-axis.
Kwayar da aka yi daidai da dunƙule gubar tana waldashi akan ayarin X, Y da Z.
Yadda za a Yi Da'irar Injin CNC?
Da'irar ta ƙunshi sassa 3 iri ɗaya na tuƙin tuƙi na X axis Y axis Z axis. Yanzu ɗauki X-axis azaman ginshiƙi don kwatanta ƙa'idodin aikin sa.
Siffar Direban Mota na Stepper tare da L297/L298
Da'irar ya ƙunshi 2 stepper motor sadaukar da haɗe-haɗen da'irori L297 da L298. Babban aikin L297 shine rarraba bugun jini. Yana haifar da ƙwanƙwasa dabarar fitarwa a tashoshin fitarwa A, B, C, da D don fitar da L298. L297 kuma yana da 2 PWM choppers don sarrafa lokaci na iska na halin yanzu da kuma gane ci gaba da sarrafa chopper na yanzu don samun kyawawan halayen mitar karfin juyi.
Harshen X-axis daga HDR1 (pin 2) yana shiga cikin CLOCK (pin 18) na U1 (L297) kuma ana sarrafa shi ta U1 a tashar fitarwa ta A, B, C, D, C (filin 4, 6, 7, 9) don samar da bugun dabaru na fitarwa ya shiga U2 (L298) don fitar da fitarwa ta biyu, gada ta biyu. 2, da 3) don fitar da matakan bugun jini don fitar da motar stepper don juyawa.
L298 babban ƙarfin lantarki ne mai dual H-gada kuma babban direban da'ira mai ƙarfi na yanzu.
Ana amfani da L297 da L298 don samar da cikakken tsarin tuki, wanda zai iya fitar da injinan mataki na 2 tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na 46V da halin yanzu na 2A kowane lokaci.
SYNC (pin 1) na U1 shine fil ɗin aiki tare da aka haɗa zuwa fil 1 na U3 da U5 don gane aiki tare na L297s da yawa.
Kwamitin Kula da Direban Mota na Stepper
ENABLE (filin 10) na U1 yana ba da damar fil ɗin sarrafawa don sarrafa dabarun fitarwa. Lokacin da yake ƙasa, INH1, INH2, A, B, C, D duk ana tilasta su zuwa ƙananan matakin don sa direban L298 baya aiki. Ana amfani da CONTROL (fitin 11) don zaɓar ikon siginar sara. Lokacin da yake ƙasa da ƙasa, siginar chopper yana aiki akan INH1, INH2, kuma lokacin da yake babban matakin, siginar chopper yana aiki akan siginar A, B, C, D. Tsohon ya dace da yanayin aiki guda-ɗaya kuma ana iya amfani da nau'ikan nau'ikan 2 don hawan motsi na yanayin aiki na bipolar.
VREF (filin 15) na S1U1 shine fil ɗin daidaita wutar lantarki, kuma ana daidaita wutar lantarkin wannan fil ɗin don saita kololuwar juzu'i na injin stepper.
Kits Direban Motar Stepper
Cw/ccw (pin 17) na U1 shine fil don tantance jujjuyawar jujjuyawar motar X-axis stepper motor, kuma an haɗa siginar ƙayyadaddun siginar don axis X daga HDR1 (pin 6) zuwa wannan fil.
HALF/FULL (fin 19) shine fil ɗin sarrafa yanayin tashin hankali. Idan yana da girma, yanayin tuƙi ne mai rabin mataki, kuma idan ya yi ƙasa sosai, yanayin tuƙi ne mai cikakken mataki. Sake saitin (fitin 20) siginar sake saitin asynchronous ne, kuma aikinsa shine sake saita mai rarraba bugun jini.
D3-D26 sune diodes masu motsa jiki na H-bridge na direban L298.
Yadda za a Saita Mach3 CNC Controller?
Mach3 shine mafi yawan amfani da CNC mai kula da injinan CNC. Shigarwa yana da sauƙi. Da farko, saka katin motsi na Mach3 akan motherboard na kwamfuta. A cikin tsarin aiki na Windows, za a shigar da direban Mach3 ta tsohuwa.
USB Mach3 3 Axis CNC Controller Kit
Hakanan zaka iya zaɓar DSP, NcStudio, Mach4, Syntec, OSAI, Siemens, LNC, FANUC, da sauran masu kula da CNC.
Yadda ake Shigar & Amfani da CAD/CM Software?
Mafi yawan software na CAD / CAM don injin CNC sun haɗa da Type3, ArtCAM, Vision Cabinet, CorelDraw, UG, MeshCAM, Solidworks, AlphaCAM, MasterCAM, UcanCAM, CASmate, PowerMILL, Aspire, Alibre, AutoCAD, Fusion360, Autodesk Inventor, Rhinoceros 3D, wanda zai iya tsarawa 2D/3D zane-zane don samar da hanyoyin kayan aikin injin.
CAD/CAM Software
Yadda ake Haɗa Kayan Injin CNC?
Tebur na kasa, karusar X-axis, Y-axis worktable, da jigilar Z-axis ana yin su ta injin lankwasawa tare da 1.5-2mm faranti mai sanyi-birgima, wanda zai iya tabbatar da daidaiton mashin ɗin da ya fi dacewa. Idan babu benders, ana iya lankwasa shi da hannu tare da guduma a kan babban vise. A lokacin sarrafa guduma ta hannu, yakamata a saka baƙin ƙarfe a cikin aikin don guje wa barin alamar guduma akan aikin. Bayan lankwasawa, ana buƙatar ƙarin siffa. Babu daya daga cikin jiragen da ya karkace kuma ya samar da kusurwa mai digiri 90 a juna. Don tabbatar da daidaitaccen nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) nau'i-nau'.
Injin CNC
Misali, buga rami mai diamita na 6 mm a cikin sau 2. Da farko, yi amfani da diamita na diamita 4 don haƙa ramin. Ƙayyade ko ramin diamita na mm 4 daidai ne bisa ga layin sakawa. Idan ba daidai ba ne, yi amfani da fayil iri-iri don gyara shi. , kuma a ƙarshe ream rami tare da a 6mm rawar soja, don haka kuskuren matsayi na rami yana da ƙananan ƙananan.
Ana iya yanke gantry tare da zato ta hannu daga keel ɗin ƙarfe na bene mai kauri tare da kaurin bango na 1.2mm bisa ga zane, kuma ana iya lanƙwasa, sarrafa shi da siffa a kan vise. Wutar hasken da aka yi amfani da shi azaman hanyar dogo na jagora na X, Y, Z 3 yana buƙatar shimfida mai santsi tare da santsin diamita na 8-10mm. Ana iya warware shi ta hanyar tarwatsa layin dogo na firintar ɗigo matrix da aka yi amfani da shi da inking robar nadi a cikin tsohuwar harsashin firinta na Laser. Sanduna masu santsi guda 2 a kowane shugabanci yakamata su kasance daidai da tsayi kuma fuskokin ƙarshen yakamata su zama lebur. Hana ramuka a tsakiyar fuskokin ƙarshen don matsa waya M5, kuma gyara su da 5mm kusoshi. Dole ne aikin aikin ya kasance a kwance da kuma tsaye, musamman ma sandunan haske na 2 a kowane bangare dole ne su kasance cikakke Daidaitaccen daidaituwa yana da mahimmanci, yana ƙayyade nasara ko gazawar samarwa.
Gubar dunƙule na 3 gatari ne gubar dunƙule tare da diamita na 6mm da kuma ƙusa 1mm. Ana iya amfani da wannan madaidaicin jagorar don yanke tsayin da ake buƙata daga dogayen gubar da aka sayar a cikin kantin kayan aiki don kayan ado na rufi. Juriya da sharewa ya kamata su kasance ƙanana, kuma goro yana waldawa a cikin rami mai dacewa na karusar don rage koma baya da inganta daidaiton injin sassaƙa.
Hannun zamewa mai haɗa bututun tagulla da aka saya a cikin kantin kayan masarufi. Wajibi ne a zaɓi diamita na ciki kaɗan kaɗan fiye da diamita na sandar zamiya, sannan a yi amfani da reamer na hannu don karkatar da diamita na ciki don daidaita daidai sandar zamiya. Idan ya cancanta, goge axis na gani da takarda mai yashi, yanke hannun rigar zamiya zuwa sassan tsayin mm 6, jimlar sassan 12, sannan a yi amfani da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi don siyar da shi cikin rami mai dacewa na karusar. Kar a sanya hannun rigar zamiya yayin walda. Idan mai siyarwar ya shiga ciki, yi amfani da zinc chloride azaman juyi don tabbatar da ingancin siyarwar. Lokacin haɗuwa, yi hankali cewa juriya na teburin zamewa ƙananan kuma daidai ne. Idan juriya tana da girma, za a iya sake ɗora hannun rigar zamiya tare da baƙin ƙarfe don biyan buƙatun.
Shaft na stepper motor da dunƙule sanda suna da alaka ta wani jan karfe bututu na a 6mm diamita sanda eriya. Sanda mai dunƙulewa da bututun jan ƙarfe suna da ƙarfi sosai kuma an tabbatar da cewa sun mai da hankali sosai. Ana shigar da sauran ƙarshen bututun jan ƙarfe a cikin mashin motsa jiki na stepper, sa'an nan kuma an haƙa shi a kwance. Ana saka fil a cikin ƙaramin rami don gyara shi, sannan kuma a yi wa sauran ƙarshen sandar dunƙulewa da goro a kan abin hawan.
Ana iya sarrafa wannan na'ura ta CNC da sassauƙa gwargwadon girma da girman kayanta, amma duk injin ɗin bai kamata ya zama babba ba don guje wa rashin ƙarfi.
Yadda ake Aiki da Injin CNC?
Kafin CNC machining, jerin shirye-shiryen machining ya kamata a shirya a gaba:
1. Ƙayyade tsarin aiki na sashi da kayan aiki da yanke saurin da ake amfani da shi don sarrafawa.
2. Ƙayyade wurin haɗin kwane-kwane na ɓangaren.
3. Saita matsayi na farawa da rufe wuka da matsayi na tushen daidaitawa.
Rubuta saitin sarrafa lambobi bisa ga tsarin bayanin da aka tsara, shigar da umarnin da aka saita a cikin na'urar sarrafa lambobi don aiki (dikodi, aiki, da sauransu), ƙara siginar ta hanyar da'irar tuƙi, fitar da motar servo don fitar da maɓalli na kusurwa da saurin kusurwa, sannan canza abubuwan da aka gyara ta hanyar ɓangaren aiwatarwa. An gane matsuguni na linzamin kwamfuta na tebur don gane ciyarwa.
Bari mu fara aiki da injin CNC tare da matakai 9 kamar haka.
Mataki 1. CNC Programming.
Kafin yin injin, yakamata a bincika shirye-shiryen CNC kuma a fara tattara su da farko. Idan shirin yana da tsawo ko rikitarwa. Kada ku yi shirin akan na'urar CNC, amma ku yi amfani da na'urar shirye-shirye ko shirye-shiryen kwamfuta, sannan ku dawo da tsarin CNC na na'urar CNC ta hanyar floppy disk ko hanyar sadarwa. Wannan na iya kauce wa shagaltar lokacin inji kuma yana ƙara ƙarin lokacin aikin injin.
Mataki 2. Kunna Machine.
Gabaɗaya, ana kunna babban wutar lantarki da farko, ta yadda na'urar CNC tana da yanayin wutar lantarki. Fara tsarin CNC tare da maɓallin maɓalli kuma ana kunna kayan aikin injin a lokaci guda, kuma CRT na tsarin kula da CNC yana nuna bayanai. Matsayin haɗin clam da sauran kayan taimako.
Mataki 3. Saita Ƙaƙƙarfan Maganar Magana.
Kafin yin injin, kafa bayanan motsi na kowane haɗin gwiwar injin. Ya kamata a yi wannan matakin na 1st don injin haɓakar tsarin kulawa.
Mataki 4. Fara CNC Programming.
Dangane da matsakaicin shirin (tef, faifai), ana iya shigar da shi ta injin tef, injin shirye-shirye ko sadarwar serial. Idan shiri ne mai sauƙi, ana iya shigar da shi kai tsaye akan kwamitin kula da CNC ta madannai, ko sashin shigarwa ta bangare a yanayin MDI don sarrafa yanki mai nisa. Kafin yin injin, asalin yanki, sigogin kayan aiki, kashe kuɗi, da ƙimar diyya daban-daban dole ne su kasance a shigar da su cikin shirin.
Mataki 5. Shirye Shirye.
Idan shirin da aka shigar yana buƙatar gyaggyarawa, canjin zaɓin yanayin aiki yakamata a sanya shi a matsayin gyarawa. Yi amfani da maɓallin gyara don ƙarawa, sharewa da canzawa.
Mataki na 6. Binciken Shirin & Debugging.
Da farko, kulle kayan aikin injin kuma kawai gudanar da tsarin. Wannan mataki shine duba shirin. Idan akwai wani kuskure, yana buƙatar sake gyara shi.
Mataki 7. Gyaran Kayan Aiki & Daidaitawa.
Gyara da daidaita kayan aikin da za a sarrafa, da kafa ma'auni. Hanyar tana ɗaukar motsi na haɓaka da hannu, ci gaba da motsi ko motsin hannu na kayan aikin injin. Saita wurin farawa zuwa farkon shirin, kuma saita nunin kayan aiki.
Mataki 8. Fara CNC Machining.
Ci gaba da aikin inji gabaɗaya yana amfani da ƙari na shirin a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Ana iya daidaita ƙimar ciyarwa a cikin injina na CNC ta hanyar canjin ƙimar ciyarwa. Yayin aikin injin, ana iya danna maɓallin riƙon ciyarwa don dakatar da motsin ciyarwar don lura da yanayin sarrafawa ko aiwatar da aunawa da hannu. Latsa maɓallin farawa sake zagayowar don ci gaba da injina. Don tabbatar da cewa kwanon daidai ne, yakamata a sake duba shi kafin ƙarawa. A lokacin niƙa, ga sassa masu lanƙwasa lebur, ana iya amfani da fensir maimakon kayan aiki don zana jigon ɓangaren akan takarda, wanda ya fi fahimta. Idan tsarin yana da hanyar kayan aiki, ana iya amfani da aikin kwaikwayo don duba daidaitaccen shirin.
Mataki 9. Kashe Machine.
Bayan ƙarawa, kafin kashe wutar lantarki, kula don duba matsayin na'urar CNC da matsayi na kowane ɓangaren na'ura. Kashe wutar lantarki da farko, sannan kashe wutar tsarin, sannan a kashe babban wutar lantarki.
FAQs
Nawa nau'ikan injunan CNC ne da kanku za ku iya ginawa?
Mafi yawan nau'o'in injunan CNC da za ku yi da kanku sun haɗa da Injin sassaƙaƙƙiya na CNC, lathes CNC, CNC Mills, CNC grinders, CNC drills, CNC Laser, da CNC plasma Yankan Machines.
Nawa ne kudin gina kayan injin CNC?
Farashin kayan injin CNC na DIY ya haɗa da kwamfuta, allon sarrafawa, sassan injin da kayan haɗi. Yawancin farashin an tattara su cikin kayan masarufi, wanda ya dogara da daidaiton da kuke buƙata don shirin mashin ɗin CNC, kuma matsakaicin farashi yana ƙarƙashin $1, 000.
Menene injin CNC zai iya yi?
Injin CNC na iya yin niƙa, juyawa, yankan, sassaka, zane-zane, yin alama, niƙa, lanƙwasa, hakowa, tsaftacewa, walda don ƙarfe, itace, filastik, kumfa, masana'anta, da dutse.
Yadda za a zabi motar spindle?
Motar Spindle shine ainihin ɓangaren injinan CNC. Ya zama dole don siyan injin sandar sandar da ya dace don tsare-tsaren kasuwancin ku, duk ya dogara da kayan aikin da kuke yi da madaidaicin da ake buƙata don ayyukanku.
Yadda za a zabi tsarin watsawa?
Daya shine ko za a zabi dunƙule ko ƙwallon ƙwallon don zaɓin tsarin watsawa. Anan na ba da shawarar cewa yana da kyau a zaɓi ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa. Ko da yake ina amfani da dunƙule gubar, har yanzu ina ba da shawarar zabar ƙwallon ƙwallon. Ƙwallon ƙwallon yana da babban madaidaici da ƙananan kuskuren juyawa. Kuma a cikin tsarin watsawa, sautin yana da ƙananan ƙananan. Tsarin watsawa na dunƙule shine rikici tsakanin ƙarfe da ƙarfe. Kodayake sautin ba shi da ƙarfi sosai, kuskuren juyawa zai zama babba kuma ya fi girma bayan lokacin juzu'i ya daɗe.
Yadda za a zabi wani stepper motor?
Muddin na'urar CNC tana aiki, injin stepper yana aiki. Idan ba a zaɓi motar a hankali ba, to 1st motar tana da sauƙin zafi. Motar tana zafi lokacin da injin ya fara aiki, wanda bai kamata ya zama abin da muke so ba. Har ila yau karfin juyi na motar yana da matsala da za a yi la'akari da shi, kuma yana da sauƙi a rasa matakai idan karfin bai isa ba. Don haka kada ku kasance masu kwadayi lokacin zabar motar stepper.
tsõratar
Ko kuna ginawa Injin sassaƙa na CNC mai araha, ko yin mafi kyawun na'ura na CNC na kasafin kuɗi, har ma da yin aiki tare da DIY mafi arha na'urar milling CNC, taka tsantsan na 1st shine samar da wutar lantarki na injin CNC. Akwai injuna masu hawa 3 da injin dunƙule guda ɗaya akan injin. Saboda haka, na'urar CNC na yanzu yana da girma sosai a cikin tsarin amfani. Lokacin siyan wutar lantarki na DC, ya kamata a siyi wutar lantarki ta DC mai girman ƙimar halin yanzu. Ƙididdigar saurin motsin motsi shine ƙarfin wutar lantarki na DC. Mafi girman ƙarfin wutar lantarki, saurin matsakaicin saurin spindle na iya juyawa, don haka ƙarfin lantarki ba zai iya zama ƙanƙanta ba.
A taƙaice, Ina ba da shawarar cewa ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki na injin CNC da aka yi da kansa shine kusan 30V kuma ƙimar halin yanzu shine aƙalla. 10A don tabbatar da aikin na'ura na yau da kullun. Ana amfani da wutar lantarki na 30V akan motar sandal, kuma motar stepper baya buƙatar irin wannan babban ƙarfin lantarki. Saboda motsin motsa jiki yana motsa shi ta hanyar dunƙulewa, ƙarfin wutar lantarki na iya zama babba ko da ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki. Don haka ina ba da shawarar cewa kawai 12V ya isa ga ƙarfin lantarki da ake bayarwa ga injin stepper. Motar stepper tana amfani da 12V, amma ƙarfin lantarki da wutar lantarki ta DC ke bayarwa shine 30V. Anan, ana buƙatar yin amfani da na'urar wuta. Ikon wannan taransifoma ya kamata ya zama babba. A halin yanzu na 3 stepper Motors dole ne su wuce ta cikin wannan transformer. Rashin zafi na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ba zai iya ci gaba ba, yana haifar da zafi mai tsanani.
